الإستشراق في العصر الحديث : تحول من التنظير الى التفاعل

Abstract

 This study explored the phenomenon of Orientalism, an academic an intellectual movementi that originated from Western interest in the Eastern world Focusin on Islam and Arab culture the study reviewed the deveiopment of Orientalism throughout history starting from the early contact with Islamic civilization , through the period of the Crusades  the study examined the evolution of Orientalism , from its eariy beginnings to its systematic organization in the 18^th century , and delved into the underlying motivations that rove this intellectual and academic movement , the motivations  ,include religious motivations to distort the image of Islam ,political motivations to serve colonialism, and economic motivations to exploit the resources of the East .the research highlighted not only the scientific and academic objectives of certain Orientalists but also their contributions to the preservation of Arab and Islamic heritage, through manuscripts translation and editing ,with reference to their positive and negative contributions in the second section,this study concentrated on Russian literature and the influence of Orientalism within it , with a particular focus on the poet Alexander Pushkin as a case study , it explored the impact of the Quran and the character of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him )on Pushkins work pushkin , who drew significant inspiration from the East for many of his literary themes and ideas, reflects the complx influence of Orientalism encompasses  positive aspects , notably the preservation  and translation of Arab heritage the study highlighted both the positive and negative aspects of Orientalism ,including the preservation of heritage on one hand and distortion and manipulation on the other it recommended increasing effotts to address and counter intellectual deviations within Orientalist discourse .